Compiled and maintained by Prof. Lawrence Juda
Department of Marine Affairs
University of Rhode Island
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
Email: ljuda@uri.edu

The links listed below are divided into five categories; click on the appropriate category to go to the desired links.

• I. United States Government
• II. State, Interstate, and Regional Programs in the United States
• III. International Organizations and Convention Secretariats
• IV. Government Agencies (Non-U.S.)
• V. Non-Governmental Organizations and Links

• Fedworld Information Network: Allows access to many governmental departments. Resources indexed by subject and in alphabetical order. Provides links to many government servers.
• FirstGov.gov:The U.S. government's official web portal. Provides links to federal agencies, congressional bodies, courts, state, local and tribal bodies.
• Government Printing Office (GPO), Superintendent of Documents Home Page: Pathway to federal government information, allowing full text search of Federal Register, The Congressional Record, congressional bills, and other federal government information including presidential documents.
• United States Government Manual: Provides descriptive information on the many departments, agencies, and bureaus of the U.S. government.

B. Specific Branches of Government

1. General

• Congressional Budget Office:
• Congressional Research Service Reports: Access to a number of reports and policy briefs including those on fisheries, law of the sea, and the marine environment.
• Government Accountability Office (GAO):
• Government Printing Office (GPO):
• Library of Congress:
• Thomas:
Provides access to text of legislation, The Congressional Record, bill summaries and status information.
• U.S. House of Representatives:
• U.S. Senate:

2. Executive Departments, Agencies

• Agency for International Development (AID):
• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA):
• Coastal America:A collaborative effort of federal agencies encouraging cooperation among federal, state, local governmental agencies, and private groups to address problems along U.S. coasts.
• Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ):Coordinates federal environmental efforts and works closely with agencies and other White House offices in the development of environmental policies and initiatives.
  
  • Interagency Ocean Policy Group (IOPG):To consider the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy (USCOP) recommendations and help formulate the Administration's response, CEQ assembled the IOPG, a representative body of Executive Branch programs dedicated to the management and conservation of U.S. oceans and coasts.
• Department of Commerce:
  
  • Bureau of the Census: Provides access to population statistics of all types as well as state financial data.
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA):
    • NOAA, Coastal Ecosystems Program:
    • NOAA, Coral Health and Monitoring Program:
    • NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS):
      • NMFS, Aquaculture
      • NMFS, Fisheries Statistics and Economics Homepage: Access to statistics on commercial fisheries, fisheries trade, and recreational fisheries.
      • NMFS, Habitat Conservation Homepage:
      • NMFS, Sustainable Fisheries Act Homepage:
    • NOAA, National Marine Sanctuaries Program
    • NOAA, National Ocean Service:
      • Integrated Coastal Management: An International Priority:
    • NOAA, Office of Global Programs:
    • NOAA, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management:
    • NOAA, Coastal Zone Management Program:
    • NOAA, National Estuarine Research Reserve System:
    • NOAA, Sanctuaries and Reserves:
    • NOAA, Sea Grant:
• Department of Defense:
  
  • Military Sealift Command:
  • U.S. Air Force:
  • U.S. Army:
    
    • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers:
    • Navigation Data Center:
  • U.S. Marine Corps:
  • U.S. Navy:
• Department of Homeland Security:
  • Coast Guard:
  • Office of Marine Safety, Security and Environmental Protection: Provides access to documents, publications, regulations, and studies.
• Department of the Interior:
  
  • Fish and Wildlife Service:
  • Aquatic Nuisance Task Force: Co-chaired by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and NOAA, coordinates governmental efforts related to non-indigenous aquatic species.
  • Coastal Ecosystems Program:Provides data on coastal ecosystems and existing ecosystem programs and links to additional web sites.
  • Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement
  • National Park Service:
  • U.S. Geological Survey:
• Department of Justice:
  • DOJ Environmental and Natural Resources Division:
• Department of State:
  • Bureau of Oceans, Environment and Science
  • Handbook of Antarctic Treaty
  • Treaties in Force:This publication is provided in a large PDF file.
• Department of Transportation:
  • Maritime Administration (MARAD):
• Department of the Treasury:
• Customs Service: Link 1, Link 2
• Environmental Protection Agency:
  
  • Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program:
  • National Estuary Program (NEP):
  Allows access to data on the NEP and developments at particular sites and areas around the U.S. Access to relevant EPA reports, newsletters, and links to related programs.
  • Office of Oceans Coasts and Estuaries:
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA):
• Federal Maritime Commission (FMC):
• National Academy of Sciences: Founded in 1863 by Congress to advise the government in science and technology matters.
• National Academy Press:Provides on line access to over 1,500 books published under its auspices.
• National Research Council, Ocean Studies Board:
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA):
• National Science Foundation (NSF):
• Office of Management and the Budget (OMB):
• Office of the United States Trade Representative:
• Peace Corps:
• Smithsonian Institution:
• U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy: Established by the Ocean Act of 2000, Public Law 106-256 (August 7, 2000) with the purpose of making recommendations for a coordinated and comprehensive national ocean policy.
• U.S. Information Agency:
• U.S. International Trade Commission:
• U.S.National Archives and Records Administration:
• White House:

3. Federal Courts

• Federal Courts(Emory University Law School): Provides link to U.S. Supreme Court and also to the Circuit Courts of Appeals.
• FindLaw:
Provides wide array of legal information, including texts of federal and state court case decisions.
• Supreme Court Decisions: Provides text of opinions in cases decided from 1990- and to selected cases prior to 1990. Allows subject search or search by names of parties to cases.

• Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission:
• California Ocean Resources Management Program:
• Chesapeake Bay Program:
• Coastal States Organization: Represents the Governors of the U.S. coastal states, territories, and commonwealths, advocating improved management of the nation's coasts, oceans, and Great Lakes.
• Florida Assessment of Coastal Trends (FACT): Provides a variety of data on coastal uses and problems in the state of Florida.
• Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment:
• Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program:
• Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management: Provides access to a number of publications such as the Massachusetts Aquaculture White Paper and Strategic Plan.
• National Governors Association:
• Oregon Coastal Management Program: Administered by the Oregon Department of Land Conservation, this site provides information on Oregon's program for managing coastal resources.
Regional Fisheries Management Councils
• New England Fisheries Management Council:
• Gulf of Mexico Fisheries Management Council:
• Mid-Atlantic Fisheries Management Council:
• North Pacific Fisheries Management Council:
• Pacific Fisheries Management Council:
• South Atlantic Fisheries Management Council:
• West Pacific Fisheries Management Council:
• Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council:
• State and Local Governments on the Net: Provides connections to state governments agencies, organized by state.
• State and Territory Coastal Management Program Summaries: Provides descriptions of state activities in coastal management and links to related sources.
• Stellwagen Bank:

• African Union: Formerly, the Organization of African Unity.
• Antarctic, Committee for Environmental Protection: Established in January 1998 in accordance with the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.
• Antarctic Treaty Secretariat: Provides information and documentation on the meetings and activities of the states party to the Antarctic Treaty regime.
• Arctic Council: High level intergovernmental forum to address common concerns in the Arctic, established in 1996. Provides documentation and news relative to Arctic developments.
• Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN):
• Baltic 21: Joint effort of 11 states of the Council of the Baltic Sea States which seeks to implement Agenda 21 for the region.
• Basel Convention (Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes) Secretariat:
• Caribbean Community (CARICOM):
• Climate Change Secretariat:
• Commission for the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central Pacific:
• Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT):
• Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Commission:
• Convention on Biological Diversity:
• Joint Website of the Biodiversity-Related Conventions:
• Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES):
• European Union (EU):
• Commission of the European Union:
• Council of the European Union:
• Court of Justice of the European Union:
• Delegation of the European Commission to the United States:
Information about the EU and the services of the Commission's Washington and New York delegations.
• Directorate-General VII: Energy:
• Directorate-General XI: Environment:
• Directorate-General XIV: Fisheries:
• European Environment Agency:
• EUR-Lex, The portal to European Union law: Accesses the Official Journal, EU treaty texts, EU legislation, and other official documentation.
• Parliament of the European Union:
• Researching the European Union: Guide to obtaining information on the European Union and its activities.
• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO):
• FAO Fishery Country Profiles:
• FAO Fisheries Glossary:
• FAO Statistics Database: Access to a variety of statistical databases including fisheries.
• General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM): -GESAMP: see below Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection
• Global Environment Facility (GEF):
• Global International Waters Assessment (GIWA):
• Great Lakes Commission:
• Group of 77 (G-77): Provides information on the activities of the Group of 77 developing states at the UN, includes speeches and documents.
• The Helsinki Commission:Concerned with the protection of the ecosystems of the Baltic Sea.
• Indian Ocean Tuna Commission:
• Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles:
• Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC):
• Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC):
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Established by World Meteorological Organization and UN Environment Program to assess scientific, technical, and socio-economic aspects of climate change.
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA):
• International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT):
• International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI):
• International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES):
• International Hydrographic Organization (IHO):
• International Joint Commission: A bilateral U.S.-Canada body that assists in finding solutions to problems concerning rivers and lakes shared by the two countries.
• International Labor Organization (ILO):
• International Maritime Organization (IMO):
• International Pacific Halibut Commission:
• International Seabed Authority (ISA):
• International Telecommunication Union (ITU):
• International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS):
• International Whaling Commission (IWC):
• Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP): Established by a number of UN Agencies to provide advice to those agencies and through them their member governments. Prepares a wide variety of studies.
• London Convention (Dumping) Secretariat:
• Montreal Protocol (Ozone) Secretariat:
• North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation:
International organization established by Canada, Mexico, and the United States under the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation.
• North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO):
• North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission (NPAFC):
• North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO):
• North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC):
• Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO):
• Organization of American States (OAS):
• Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD):
• OECD Fisheries:
• OECD Maritime Transport:
• Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat (formerly the South Pacific Forum):
• Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA):
• Pacific Salmon Commission:
• Ramsar Convention on Wetlands:
• South Pacific Community (formerly South Pacific Commission):
• United Nations (UN):
• Chief Executives Board (CEB):
• Inter-Agency Committee on Sustainable Development (IACSD):
• UN-Oceans: Created by the Chief Executives Board to serve as a coordinating mechanism with respect to ocean/coastal issues in the UN system.
• Economic and Social Council:
• General Assembly Resolutions, 1946-:
• International Court of Justice (ICJ): Official website of the ICJ.
• International Law Commission (ILC):
• Security Council Resolutions, 1946-:
• United Nations Atlas of the Oceans: An information center for policymakers.
• United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development: Provides data on the work of this commission which was established by the United Nations General Assembly (A/47/191) to follow up the work of the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.
• The National Councils for Sustainable Development: Advises the UN Commission on Sustainable Development. Describes partnerships among businesses, community groups, and governments interested in sustainable development.
• United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea: Monitors ocean developments at the international level. Provides access to a variety of documents of the UN system.
• United Nations Division for Sustainable Development:
• United Nations Documentation: Research Guide: Provides an overview of various types of documents and publications of the UN and guidance on how to work with them. United Nations Regional Economic Commissions
  • Economic Commission for Africa:
  • Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific:
  • Economic Commission for Europe:
  • Economic Commission for Latin America:
  • Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia:
• United Nations System of Organizations: Provides links to a wide variety of UN system agencies and programs--select "other international organizations."
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD):<
• United Nations Development Program (UNDP):
  • UNDP Strategic Initiative for Ocean and Coastal Management:
• United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO):
• United Nations Environment Program (UNEP):
  • Dams and Development Project: Promotes improved decision making and management of dams and their alternatives and builds on the work of the World Commission on Dams
  • Geneva:
  • Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA):
  • Stakeholder Forum:
  • The Grid-Arendal Home Page: UNEP's Global Resource Information Database (GRID). Global network of cooperating centers providing environmental information for decision and policy making. More than 2,000 environmental and natural resource data sets. Various maps and data sets for the Arctic, Baltic, and Northeast Atlantic are available.
  • Our Planet, UNEP's Magazine for Sustainable Development:
  • Regional Seas Programme:
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR):
• United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO):
• United Nations Population Fund:
• World Bank (IBRD):
• World Health Organization (WHO):
• World Meteorological Organization (WMO):
• World Trade Organization (WTO):

• Governments on the WWW: Links to governments in Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, and Oceania.
• Australia, Department of the Environment and Associated Agencies: Provides data on Australian coastal and ocean uses and problems and Australian efforts to manage the uses of the ocean/coastal environment.
• Australia, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority:
• Canada, The Atlantic Coastal Zone Information Steering Committee (ACZISC): Established in 1992 to promote regional cooperation in Atlantic Canada in regard to coastal mapping and integrated coastal management with representation from provincial governments, federal government, community organizations, private sector, and academia.
• Canada, Canadian International Development Authority (CIDA):
• Canada, Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO):Provides useful information and updates on the actions of the Canadian government with respect to fisheries and their management.
• Jamaica, National Environmental and Planning Agency:
• Japan, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries:
• Netherlands, Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, sponsors Netcoast: A Guide to Integrated Coastal Management: Seeks to facilitate global communication on coastal zone issues. Provides data on management approaches and coastal zone conferences.
• New Zealand, Ministry of Fisheries:
• United Kingdom, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food:

• Admiralty and Maritime Law Guide: Annotated links to admiralty law resources on the internet including case digests, abstracts, international conventions.
• American Association of Port Authorities:
• American President Lines Online:Information on the operations of one of the world's largest liner shipping companies.
• Antarctica Gateway:Provides information on science, education, and news relating to the Antarctic as well as texts of Antarctic treaties and meetings of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Powers.
• Association of American Port Authorities: Seaports-Infopages:This site is in development and is being designed to provide a comprehensive source of reference information relating to the seaports, port authorities, and maritime industry around the world. Provides links to many ports. Examples of some of the many ports with their own WWW pages are found below:
• Antwerp, Belgium:
• Boston:
• New York/New Jersey:
• Philadelphia and Camden:
• Portland, Oregon:
• Seattle, Washington:
• Singapore:
  
• Tacoma, Washington:
  
• Yokohama, Japan:
• Cargo Port Links: Provides links to ports throughout the world.
• The Center for International Environmental Law: Sponsored by a public interest, non-profit environmental law firm.
• Center for Marine Conservation:
• Cetacean Society International:
• Coalition of Legal Toothfish Operators (COLTO):
• Coastal Management: Provides links to many sites concerned with integrated coastal management around the world.
• Coastal Resources Center (CRC), University of Rhode Island: Furnishes information on the CRC and its work and also a survey database on coastal resource management world wide by region and by country.
• The Coastal Union (EUCC): Largest network of coastal practitioners in Europe.
• Containershipping.com: Links to numerous container shipping websites.
• Council on Ocean Law:Provides documentation and news stories on developments pertaining to international ocean law.
• Earth Island Institute:
• Earthjustice: A non-profit public interest law firm concerned with protection of natural resources, wildlife, and the environment.
• Earth Negotiations Bulletin:Provides information on diplomatic meetings on subjects such as the UN Conference on Highly Migratory and Straddling Stocks, the Global Conference on Sustainable Development of Small Island States, the UN Commission on Sustainable Development, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the UN Conference on Environment and Development.
• Ecosystem Valuation Website: Provides a non-technical introduction to the economics of ecosystem valuation.
• Electronic Shipping Guide: Data base of container shipping schedules for voyages in and out of the U.S. and Canada, including import, export, connecting, and feeder service.
• Environmental Professional's Homepage
• Environmental Treaties and Resource Indicators (ETRI):
• Exxon Valdez Oil Trustee Council: Information, maps, pictures of Exxon Valdez oil spill together with current status of the oil spill area.
• Fish Information Service: Provides information for fishing, processing, and aquaculture industries world-wide.
• Fishupdate.com: Covers current developments in world's seafood industries.
• Greenpeace:
• Guide to Maritime History on the Internet:
• The H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment:
• High North Alliance: Organization headquartered in Norway which seeks to protect the right of whalers, sealers, and fishermen to harvest renewable resources in accordance with principles of sustainable management.
• Information Center for the Environment: Cooperative effort of environmental scientists at University of California, Davis and collaborators at more than 30 private, state, federal, and international organizations interested in environmental protection.
• International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators: Promotes safe and environmentally responsible private sector travel to the Antarctic.
• International Cable Protection Committee (ICPC): Submarine Cables of the World: The ICPC is an international forum whose members own or operate submarine cables and are concerned with protection of those cables from both human and natural hazards. Provides technical and legal information on submarine cables.
• International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD): Provides wealth of data and linkages on the subject of sustainable development.
• Linkages, produced by the International Institute for Sustainable Development: Described as an electronic clearing-house for information on past and upcoming meetings related to environment and development.
• International Maritime Bureau (IMB), (a Division of the International Chamber of Commerce): Works to prevent fraud international trade and maritime transport, reduce the risk of piracy, and assist law enforcement in protecting crews. IMB also sponsors a Piracy Reporting Centre: Both sites provide information on recent developments.
• International Water Law Project: Provides information and links on international water law and policy and related topics.
• Internet Guide to International Fisheries Law: Provides access to numerous treaty texts, judgments of international bodies on fishery cases, a glossary of terms used in fisheries management, and other useful information on developments in international fisheries law .
• Island Resources Foundation: Among other things, provides a bibliography of Caribbean Coastal Zone Management references.
• IUCN: the World Conservation Union:
• Global Marine Programme:
• Japan Whaling Association:Japanese industry perspectives on whaling issues.
• Joint Ocean Commission Initiative: Led by Admiral James Watkins and Leon Panetta, chairs of the U.S. Commission and Pew Oceans Commission, respectively, and guided by a ten-member Task Force, five from each Commission, the primary goal of the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative is to accelerate the pace of change in ocean policy reform.
• Journal of Commerce On Line:Good coverage of current maritime affairs. Provides search capability for six years of archives.
• Large Marine Ecosystems:Jointly sponsored by NOAA/IUCN/URI/ICES/IOC provides descriptions of and information on large marine ecosystems and related activities.
• The Marine Fish Conservation Network:Coalition of over 110 national and regional environmental organizations, commercial and recreational fishing groups, aquariums, and marine science groups.
• Marine Stewardship Council: NGO concerned with promoting sustainable fisheries and responsible fishing practices.
• MaritimeSecurity.com: Provides information on subjects such as maritime piracy, commercial and yacht security, and maritime crime.
• Merchant Marine and Maritime Pages: Portal Provides information on subjects such as ship construction and design, marine engines, and shipping lanes. Offers linkages to related sources.
• MPA News: International news and analysis on marine protected areas.
• The Multilaterals Project (Fletcher School, Tufts University): Collection of multilateral treaty texts organized by subject. Includes listing for marine and coastal treaties and also other environmental treaties.
• National Council for Science and the Environment: Seeks to improve the scientific basis for decisions on environmental issues. Provides online access to reports of the Congressional Research Service.
• National Fisheries Conservation Center: Seeks to improve fisheries conservation/management through role as honest broker and arbitrator within fishing community.
• The National Ocean Economics Project: Provides data on ocean-related economic activities and resource trends.
• National Resources Defense Council:
• Nautical Sites: Provides access to a wide variety of web sites focusing on matters such as shipping lines, boat builders, historic wrecks, sailing, maritime museums, and organizations such as the Norwegian Shipowners Association.
• NGO Global Network: Provides links to non-governmental organizations associated with the United Nations.
• Northwest Atlantic Marine Alliance (NAMA):
• The Ocean Conservancy:
• Ocean Noise Coalition: Seeks to protect marine life and oceans from human-generated noise.
• Oceana: Non-profit advocacy organization concerned with protecting and restoring world's oceans.
• The Pew Oceans Commission:
• Planetary Coral Reef Foundation: A non-profit U.S. corporation which has conducted research on coral reefs off Yucatan coast of Mexico and Belize. Seeks to further knowledge of world's coral reefs.
• Renewable Natural Resources Foundation: Coastal Web Resource
• The Sea Around Us Project: Led by Prof. Daniel Pauly, partnership between University of British Columbia and Pew Charitable Trusts that seeks to provide an integrated analysis of the impacts of fisheries on marine ecosystems and to devise policies that can mitigate and reverse harmful trends while ensuring the social and economic benefits of sustainable fisheries. Access to a variety of studies and fisheries data bases on country fish catches, exclusive economic zones, large marine ecosystems.
• Seamen's Church Institute: Provides access to information and links relating to seafarers rights issues.
• SeaWeb: A multimedia public education project to raise awareness of the world ocean.
• Sea Shepherd Conservation Society:
• Seaports Infopages: Information about seaports around the world. Links to port related businesses and industries.
• Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database:
• Whaling: Provides up to date coverage of events around the world relating to whales and whaling.
• World Business Council for Sustainable Development: Coalition of international companies with shared commitment to sustainable development.
• WorldCatch: Online seafood marketplace and industry information resource, created by people in the seafood industry for people in the seafood industry. Up-to-date marketplace news but also news about legislative developments.
• World Commission on Water for the 21st Century: Independent commission of experts co-sponsored by a number of organizations in the UN system
• World Conservation Monitoring Centre:A joint venture of the IUCN (The World Conservation Union), UNEP, and the WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature)
• World Council of Whalers:An international NGO providing a forum for whaling peoples around the world and concerned with sustainable use of marine living as resources as well as protection ofcultural, social, economic, and dietary rights.
• WorldFish CenterContributes to food security and poverty eradication in developing countries through research, partnership, capacity building, and policy support in regard to living aquatic resources.
• World Resources Institute:An environmental research and policy organization.
• Earth Trends Information Portal: Provides searchable databases, tables, country profiles, maps on marine and coastal ecosystems, population, water and energy resources, biodiversity, climate and atmosphere, and governance institutions.
• World Wildlife Fund Global Network:Provides news and information on all aspects of conservation and the environment. Topics include marine issues, pollution, and sustainable development.
• Traffic: The Wildlife trade monitoring program of the WWF and IUCN; works in cooperation with Secretariat of the CITES Convention.
• The WWW Virtual Library: Law: International and Environmental Law: Allows access to a number of international and environmental law sources and to particular international conventions.